laboratory study of vertical and inclined sheet pile effects on seepage control and sand boiling phenomenon through alluvial foundation of hydraulic structures

so far, for an analysis of seepage under hydraulic structures much research has beenconducted in the form of numerical models. however, few field and laboratory workshave been performed to study the boiling phenomena for evaluating numerical models.throughout the present work, a laboratory model was built to simulate seepage and itscontrolling measures under sheet piles. the model consisted of a 2.2 m long, 0.8 m deepand 0.4 m wide flume, in which vertical sheet piles were provided by perspex sheets. theflume was made up of a steel frame, perspex as well as thick glass sheets. the effect ofposition and depth of the sheet pile on the seepage flow, exit gradient and uplift pressurehave been demonstrated in the form of dimensionless curves. the results indicate that theratios d/d=0.44 and d/d=0.34 with a maximum upstream water level of h/hm=1.0 formthe best possible depths, for both vertical and inclined sheet piles in the depth of thefoundation sheet pile. in other words, inclined sheet piles are much more effective inreducing and controlling seepage, uplift pressure and hydraulic gradient than the verticalones.